Fera

Pollinator Ecotoxicology

From standard laboratory studies to the more complex, bespoke higher tier studies designed to address specific risk assessment needs, our experts at Fera are perfectly placed to meet your data requirements, and to help our partners develop products that are safer for bees and other pollinators.

To help refine your risk assessment, Fera can undertake a range of higher tier cage, tunnel, or semi-field studies. Our capabilities include the Oomen Brood Feeding Study and the Honey Bee Brood Test under semi-field conditions (OECD GD 75).

The importance of bees to our ecosystem podcast

 By Selwyn Wilkins, our senior bee ecotoxicologist, who acts as UK a representative on the OECD Expert Panel on Development of Honey Bee Testing Methods and Guidelines and Dr. Adrian Charlton, a protein biochemist Principal Scientist with over 20 years of experience in the field.

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Fera Science Analytical Capability

Our leading-edge knowledge, expertise and state-of-the-art technology in assessing the environmental safety of chemicals and minimising their impact on the environment supports the agri-food chain and ultimately protects the consumer.

Specialising in the fate and effects of substances in the environment, our ecotoxicology specialists can respond rapidly to requests for complex, in-depth environmental GLP compliant studies, whether laboratory, field, or semi field studies. Fera can help you to develop effective, sustainable products that minimise ecosystem impacts and pollution, while maximising the beneficial effects for crops, plants, and animals.

We have a dedicated and experienced pollinator ecotoxicology team and over 150 colonies of honey bees, expertly managed by our bee keeping team to help us provide the data to support our partner’s risk assessments.

  • Range of proven laboratory tests to assess product toxicity to bees
  • Field studies to assess impacts on bees under tunnel & open-field conditions
  • Bespoke tests designed to address specific requirements
  • Access to resources and expertise of National Bee Unit

Meet The Team

Our team has over 30 years of bee testing experience with our partners in Industry, to ensure regulatory compliance of new and existing products. This, combined with over 50 years of experience in dealing with the collection and analysis of a vast array of bee related matrices keeps us at the front of research.

Selwyn Wilkins
Senior Bee Ecotoxicologist & Study Director

Emma Wright
Bee Ecotoxicologist & Study Director

Lisa Heely
Head of Ecotoxicology

Fera has the best people in the right place focused on delivering the right solution. We continuously invest in our people and support them in delivering the best science to our partners.

Our Services

Study Type/Regulation How?
Acute Toxicity Adult
Honey Bee: OECD Test Guideline 213 and OECD Test Guideline 214
Bumble Bee: OECD Test Guideline 246 & OECD Test Guideline 247
  • With honey bees & bumble bees
  • Oral and contact exposure routes
  • Testing for mortality
  • Laboratory based
  • Estimation of LD50 / NOED / LOED values
Chronic Oral Toxicity Adult
Honey Bee: OECD Test Guideline 245 for the Testing of Chemicals:
Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.),chronic oral toxicity test
(10 day feeding test in the laboratory) 
  • Laboratory based
  • With honey bees
  • Continuous oral exposure over 10 days
  • Dose response
  • Estimation of LC50, LDD50 / NOED / LOED values
Acute Toxicity Larval, Single Dose
Honey Bee: OECD Test Guideline 237: Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
Larval Toxicity Test Following Repeated Exposure
  • Laboratory based
  • With honey bee larvae
  • Combined oral and contact exposure routes
  • Single application
  • Dose response
  • Estimation of LC50 / NOEC/LOEC values

Chronic Toxicity Larval, Repeat Dose
Honey Bee: OECD Guidance Document 239: Honey Bee
(Apis mellifera) Larval Toxicity Test Following Repeated Exposure

  • Laboratory based
  • With honey bee larvae
  • Combined oral and contact exposure routes
  • Repeat application (4 Days)
  • Dose response
  • Mortality at D8
  • Adult emergence at D22
  • Estimation of LC50 / NOEC/LOEC values

Higher Tier Bee Studies - Colony Feeding Study
Honey Bee: Oomen (1992) Honey bee brood feeding test
& Lückmann and Schmitzer (2019) modifications

  • Field Based
  • Free-flying honey bee colonies
  • Direct colony feeding
  • Evaluates effects on bee brood development as well as colony effects

Cage, Tunnel, Semi-field
Honey Bee: OECD Guidance Document 75
  • Field based
  • With honey bees
  • Exposure to treated crop under tunnel conditions
  • Evaluates effects on bee brood development as well as colony effects
  • Option to measure residues in pollen, nectar, wax, and honey

Field - Post Registration Monitoring / Residue Monitoring
Honey Bee: Study specific
  • Field based
  • With honey bees
  • Monitoring bee behaviour, colony survival and development
  • Determination of residues in pollen and nectar



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